Pediatric Airway

ABOUT THE BOOK
Drawing on 45 years’ study of pediatric laryngology, phoniatrics, and bronchology, this multidisciplinary book describes 42 different pathological sounds - occurring in different combinations - in 54 different pathological conditions. Uniquely, while recognizing the indispensability of conventional investigation methods - endoscopy, radiology, MRI - the Editors demonstrate the value of perceptive-auditive evaluation and objective acoustic analysis as a complimentary diagnostic tool.

With an accompanying DVD, they visually - through spectograms, endoscopic photos, and radiologic or MRI pictures - and audibly demonstrate the acoustic characteristics of the pathological sound phenomena, the different irregular or unusual sounds occurring in, and the characteristic of each respiratory or neuro-developmental disease and disorder. Throughout, the editors demonstrate the value of this complimentary diagnostic and rehabilitation tool for airway obstructions and the various pathological and neuro-developmental anomalies in the pediatric population. Their coverage of the latest therapeutic options for each disease or disorder renders this book a virtual guide to every aspect of pediatric laryngology.

CONTENTS

• Introduction - J. Hirschberg, T. Szende, P. Koltai, A. Illényi
• The Sound Phenomena Investigated: Cry, Stridor, and Cough - J. Hirschberg, T. Szende, P. Koltai
• Historical background - J. Hirschberg
• The Infant Cry. Stridor. Cough
• Patients - J. Hirschberg, P. Koltai, Zs. Farkas
• Methods
• Conventional examination methods, their critical analysis, and sphere of indication - I. Lellei, J. Hirschberg, P. Koltai, Zs. Garay
• Examination of cases with pathologic phonation, unusual infant cry
• Evaluation of stridor
• Evaluation of cough
• Basic principles of acoustics, methods of acoustic investigation, sound spectrography - T. Szende, A. Illényi
• The acoustic structure of sound phenomena
• Voiced sounds
• Noise
• Aphonia
• Duration (length) of sounds
• Intensity
• Melody of the cry
• Resonance components
• Applied methods for acoustic analysis
• Sound spectrography
• Minimal time interval spectrum
• Measurement of the fundamental frequency
• Analysis of the infant cry with digital signal processing (DSP) Gy. Várallyay
• Why analyze?
• The infant cry as an acoustic signal
• Data collect
• Available techniques to record the infant cry
• Database
• Preprocessing of the infant cry
• Filtering
• Segmentation
• Processing of the infant cry
• Attributes in the time domain
• Discrete Fourier Transform
• Acoustic attributes in the spectrum
• Methods for detecting the fundamental frequency
• Detecting the melody contour of the infant cry
• Digital spectrograph
• Results
• Duration of cry segments
• Fundamental frequency
• Development of the fundamental frequency
• Melody of the infant cry
• Evaluation
• Sound in medicine; noninvasive diagnostic methods
• Nasometry - Z. Trenovszki, J. Hirschberg
• Bioinformatics and genomics - Z. Benyó, B. Benyó
• Characterization and Acoustic Description of the Most Commonly Occurring Sound Signals - T. Szende, J. Hirschberg
• Cries
• Clear (pure, regular, normal) cry. Veiled cry. Hoarse cry. Hyperkinetic (tense) cry. Pressed (forced) cry. Raucous cry. Crackling cry. Sharp cry. Shrill (piping, shrieking, screeching) cry. Creaking cry. Very high (high pitched) cry. Bleating (quavering) cry. Sizzling (fizzling, crepitating) cry. Faint (inert, weak, languid) cry. Wan (meagre, low-energy) cry. Bitonal cry. Broken phonation (breaking, breaklike) cry. Aphonic cry. Hollow (cavernous) cry. Dull (colorless) cry.
• Types of stridor
• Pharyngeal-type stridor. Interrupted pharyngeal stridors (with quasiperiodic acoustic structure). Sawing (buzzing) stridor. Rasping stridor. Croaking stridor. Snoring stridor. Bubbling (gurgling) stridor. Divided pharyngeal stridor. Lump-in-the-throat stridor. Supraglottic stridor (high, sharp, and loud inspiration and expiration). Cackling (clucking) stridor. Hissing (whistling, sibilant) stridor. Stridor-phonation. Crowing stridor. Stridor of subglottic character. Deep-hollow stridor. Hollow stridor. Tracheal stridor. Spastic (wheezy) expiratory stridor
• Types of coughing sound
• Nondescript cough. Catarrhal cough. Barking cough. Cough-phonation. Deep cough. Hollow cough. Ringing cough. Brassy, ringing cough. Metallic, ringing cough. Staccato cough. Suppressed, painful cough.
• Airway and Nervous Anomalies Associated with Pathologic Sound Production
• Disorders affecting the nose, oral cavity, pharynx, and ears - J. Hirschberg, Zs. Farkas, P. Koltai
• Choanal atresia. Micrognathia. Robin sequence. Cleft palate (CP), velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI). Hearing impairment, hearing loss. De Lange syndrome. Hurler’s syndrome (multiple dysostosis, gargoylism) Mental retardation, mental deficiency. Enlarged, hypertrophied tonsils, adenoid vegetation.
• Disorders affecting the larynx - J. Hirschberg, P. Koltai, I. Lellei, Zs. Garay, G. Katona
• Epiglottitis (supraglottic inflam¬mation). Acute laryngitis. Laryngeal croup (acute fibrinous laryngitis). Laryngeal thrush, laryngeal mycosis, fungal laryngitis. Changes following prolonged intu¬bation, acquired laryngeal stenosis. Papilloma of the larynx (upper respiratory papillomatosis). Vocal cord polyp, laryngeal fibroma. Laryngeal cysts. Laryngocele. Laryngeal cleft. Laryngomalacia (chondromalacia laryngis, soft, flaccid larynx). Atresia, severe stenosis of the glottis. Laryngeal diaphragm (congenital laryngeal web). Vocal cord paralysis (abductor [recurrent] and adductor paresis). Dysphonia. Hyperbilirubinemia. Down syndrome (mongolism). Cri du chat syndrome (cat’s cry disease). Myasthenia gravis. Amyotonia congenita (congenital muscular atony, Oppenheim’s¬ disease). Polyradiculitis (Guillain-Barré syndrome). Pseudocroup (subglottic laryngitis). Subglottic stenosis. Subglottic hemangioma. Contusion (injury) of the larynx.
• Tracheal changes - J. Hirschberg, P. Koltai, I. Lellei, K. Hirschberg
• Congenital goiter. Vascular anomalies. Paratracheal or parabronchial lymphadenitis (thoracic lymph node enlargement, lymphadenopathy, bronchial rupture). Mediastinal tumors. Tracheomalacia (functional stenosis of the trachea, soft trachea). Circumscribed congenital anomaly of the tracheal cartilages (individual cartilage deformity). Tracheal dyskinesia. Rigid trachea stenosis (congenital fibrous stricture). Stenosing laryngotracheobronchitis (sicca maligna). Foreign bodies in airways.
• Disorders affecting the bronchi and the lungs - J. Hirschberg, G. Katona
• Wheezy bronchitis, asthma.
• Pertussis (whooping cough)
• Pneumonia
• The Diagnostic Value of the Conventional Examination Methods and of Acoustic Analysis - J. Hirschberg, T. Szende, I. Lellei
• Cries
• Classification in terms of the acoustic substrate. Classification in terms of the location of changes. Classification on grounds of etiology. The diagnostic values of clinical (imaging) methods in the evaluation of infant cry.
• Stridor
• Pharyngeal stridors. Laryngeal stridors. Subglottic and tracheal stridors
• Bronchial stridors.
• Cough
• Summary - J. Hirschberg, T. Szende, P. Koltai, A. Illényi

ABOUT THE EDITORS
Jeno Hirschberg, M.D., Ph.D., DSc, Professor, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Bronchology, Budai Children’s Hospital, Budapest, Hungary.

Peter Koltai, M.D., F.A.C.S., F.A.A.P., Professor and Chief, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine.

Tamás Szende, Ph.D., DSc, Professor and Head, Department of General Linguistics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Piliscsaba, Hungary.

András Illényi, DPhys, Ph.D., Professor, Director and Head, Department of Telecommunication and Mediainformatics, Technical University, Budapest.

Assistant-Editors:
István Lellei, M.D., Chief and Head, Department of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology and Bronchology, Budai Children’s Hospital, Budapest.

Zsolt Garay, M.D., Department of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology and Bronchology, Budai Children’s Hospital, Budapest.

AUDIENCE
Primary: Otolaryngology
Secondary: Speech-Language Pathology